The chart below, first published in the Harvard Crimson student newspaper last October, recently came to my attention. It shows the average grade-point average of Harvard students between 1899 and 2022.
As you can see, there’s been a dramatic rise in average GPA, which began in the mid 20th century. In 1950, Harvard students had an average GPA of 2.55. As of 2022, their average is 3.8 – not far shy of the maximum GPA of 4.0.
It’s truly impressive how much better at teaching Harvard has become. I guess that’s why it’s said to be the best university in the world! Except that’s not what’s going on…
No one can seriously believe the dramatic rise in average GPA reflects a real increase in the quality of teaching. While the early rise might partly reflect admissions becoming more meritocratic, the main factor here is simply grade inflation – students being awarded higher grades for the same calibre of work.
Of course, Harvard is far from alone in having witnessed rampant grade inflation over the last half century. The economist Stuart Rojstaczer has compiled a wealth of data on average GPA at U.S. colleges, and finds that it’s a pretty-much universal phenomenon. Here’s a chart from a paper he co-authored with a colleague in 2010.
And it’s not just a U.S. phenomenon. British universities too have seen grades climb continuously over the last few decades. As the left-hand chart indicates: between 1994 and 2015, the percentage of firsts awarded rose from about 7% to around 23%. And it has since risen further, reaching 33% in 2021.
The right-hand chart confirms that the pattern holds for Britain’s most prestigious universities. In each case, the percentage of firsts awarded rose by around 20 percentage points between 1998 and 2018.
Why are academics grading more leniently now than they were in the past? Rojstaczer argues that the sharp rise seen in the U.S. in the 1960s was attributable to the Vietnam War. Full-time male college students were exempt from the military draft, so professors refrained from awarding the lowest grades to ensure those students didn’t flunk out and get drafted.
As for the rise since the 1980s (which afflicts both Britain and the U.S.) Rojstaczer attributes it to the establishment of a “consumer-based approach to teaching” in which academics’ pay and promotion, as well as their freedom from complaints, are tied to “student-based course evaluations”. Basically: if they’re too stingy with their grades, they’ll receive lousy evaluations, and in addition to the stress of dealing with irate students, they’ll be less likely to advance in their careers.
This sounds right to me. Today’s students are the ‘participation medal’ generation, and until something’s done to rescue academic standards their grades will become increasingly meaningless.
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The Bank of England’s mismanagement?
Yeah right, mismanagement.
They had no idea, no idea whatsoever that announcing categorically no more bond purchases would cause a problem in the market just when Truss was announcing her budget.
Give me a break.
Presumably the Bank of England also allowed Fishy to “mismanage” his way through Lockdown to the tune of five hundred billion pounds principally via the issue of dodgy loans, ‘eat out to help out’ and a ‘sit on your arse getting paid to do FA’ scheme comically named ‘furlough.’
Yeah right.
Why have I got a nagging feeling that the B o E is being run by the WEF? No, surely not.
Mmmmm, up to a point Lord Copper. The big unfunded sum wasn’t the £2bn from the 45% to 40% tax cut but the open ended, 2 year commitment on energy costs. At the time this was being forecast to cost £100bn +. Again, a panic reaction. Sunak has largely benefited from the gas price coming down & a mild autumn.
How can a 2-year commitment be open-ended? And how come the markets did not panic when every rich world government on the planet shut down large portions of their economy and started paying people to do nothing, and the open-ended commitment to buy “vaccines” etc?
You’re right. Why was there an such a variance in response? My point is merely that it shouldn’t be portrayed as a binary choice between ILDs and mini budget. There were a whole lot of other things going on with asymmetric impacts.
Because there’s a point up to which Govt debt raises concern not panic. Take it beyond then you get panic.
“It’s extraordinary that this story hasn’t been covered by Britain’s financial journalists.”
Hardly. It’s entirely to be expected given that most/all of Britain’s mainstream journalists and their bosses, editors, owners, financial or otherwise, are fully bought into the narrative.
With the possibly honourable exception of Liam Halligan
Indeed. The only part where I disagree with the article is where he describes the market size by stating it as ‘The total value of liabilities hedged with LDI strategies was $1.8 trillion in 2021.’.
LDI, as he describes earlier, has absolutely nothing to with hedging, to the contrary. It is a pure interest rate speculation, and one that actually reduces or negates any previous and underlying asset/liability match of a pension fund engaging in it.
The whole BoE board should be fired for allowing LDI to happen and those who sold and practiced it should be prosecuted and made personally liable for its losses.
The central bank failure here also reminds me of PCR’s splendid analysis and assessment of the FED’s sole responsibility for bringing about the Great Depression.
https://www.unz.com/proberts/is-the-federal-reserve-merely-incompetent-or-is-there-a-dark-agenda/
https://www.unz.com/proberts/an-incompetent-federal-reserve-board-caused-the-great-depression-and-the-new-deal-that-gave-congress-power-to-new-executive-branch-regulatory-agencies/
The one time in a century when central banks should really provide credit and liquidity amply and immediately, they deliberately always seem to fail to do so.
We’d better be off without them, as the period and system before they came into existence showed.
Best to give them all the Icahn treatment and to turn their defined benefit pensions to ‘whatever is left in the fund’ ones.
I work in the LDI industry (as in, it’s what I do 80% of my time at work), so like to think I can speak about it with some degree of confidence.
There is nothing wrong in principle with LDI, in my view. Most pension schemes would like to fund their liabilities with secure assets that pay fixed or inflation linked cashflows. Only goverment bonds fit the bill (assuming of course that the government doesn’t default) as no other assets are as secure or provide long dated cashflows (some pension scheme liabilities stretch out by more than 50 years).
The problem is that the return on gilts is too low, and most pension schemes have a funding gap that they need to fill. They do so by borrowing money, collateralised by the gilts that they hold, to invest in higher returning assets, for example equities.
What happened was that the value of gilts fell, which meant that the loans needed to be propped up by more gilts. For some pension funds they were running so short of gilts that they had to start selling them to pay down the loans with cash. This led to a fire selling spiral that eventually ended when the Bank of England stepped in to support the market.
The background to LDI is that the government and regulators have absolutely encouraged pension schemes to adopt this strategy. Largely in good faith, in my view.
For example, all pension schemes need to pay a levy to the Pension Protection Fund each year. How large this is depends on a number of factors, but one is investment risk, and the more of your pension scheme liabilities you hedge the lower your levy is.
I think the Bank of England acted ineptly and arrogantly, but I don’t necessarily feel there was a hidden agenda.
All this is aggravated by regulatory and central bank incompetence and failed interventions. The FSA/FCA are also complicit in the failures.
The next stupidity, scandal and black hole….
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/pensions-retirement/news/gold-plated-public-sector-pensions-cost-taxpayers-150pc/
This is actually the real divide in our societies and the real fight, the private vs the public sector, and what will break Western democracies soon.
It’s even worse in Europe and the US, but the UK seems to be unique in having uncapped automatic indexing on DB public sector pensions.
As it was unique in having sold all its gold at the low and having issued massive amounts of long term inflation linked bonds, instead of issuing long term fixed coupon ones, during a prolonged period of artificially low interest rates.
Lunatics in charge of the asylum at the BoE and the Treasury.
Let’s not forget Carnage Carney had a spell at the B o E. I wonder what mischief he got up to during that gig?
‘“poor financial regulation…’
its always the part of the market that’s still free that’s the problem therefore… MORE REGULATION!
Two years of economic shutdown, the economy awash with valueless money, Truss promising to throw more valueless money onto the inflationary fire and the markets think ‘bad risk’ maybe even default. An energy crisis that Government policy is to make it worse.
The fire was already raging, Truss just threw more fuel on it.
Lowered tax rates are suppose to be accompanied by lower Govt spending otherwise higher spending. Lower tax rates during inflation caused by too much money chasing too few goods just adds more money to the chase.
The Bank of England should have done what exactly? It’s not the Government as the article suggests it must be.
They should have been more aggressive in raising interest rates rather than disappointing the markets with a modest rise.
The misnomer and myth that lower taxes ALWAYS bring in less revenue, perpetrated through all the usual avenues to stir up a storm is / was the chokehold many an authority and expert have used before – though in this case the dystopian elites who want to bring in their new system are showing their colours [by any means necessary it would seem] once again. But the Conservatives (so-called) bend over and take it as if it’s never been their bread and butter?
Naturally Labour (and their cheerleaders) play their predictable part too with all the usual race-to-the-bottom fearporn predictions which many unfortunately fall for, especially during times of uncertainty (though at least it’s opposition in the form we’d expect) but any semblance of bringing us back from the brink is now in full swing I guess.
I’m not an economist but I understand the basics of a genuine free market. Nothing makes sense in any of this posturing of doom and gloom other than it has to be an organised destruction of the system we have – to usher in a system we would never want (if it was genuinely explained and to the uninitiated).
As far as the B of E to play this tactic at a time like this reveals their intent, if indeed bankers were of the sort to be trusted even a morsel for their own benefit and monetary gain (at least with their desire for profit we know where we stood). Now we’ve thrown out the old with the new, the pertinent question is where are they now to get their ill-gotten gains? I guess it’s safe to look to ESGs and CBDCs for where they’re expecting.
“the pertinent question is where are they now to get their ill-gotten gains?:
The poor bloody infantry as usual.
US.
Deleted. Posted in error.
Dead right. Andrew Bailey is a WEF stooge and we know that they don’t want Western countries to have pro-growth policies. They want increased indebtedness because that gives them power via the financial markets.
I tend to the view that the intention is to utterly bankrupt the country and then sort of sell it off or mortgage us to something like the IMF.
I can call my wife in evidence to confirm I suspected the hand of the BoE in Liz Truss’s deownfall from the beginning, She should ask suitable questions in the HoC to force Ministers to confirm (doubtful) or deny and lie about this.
Yes, obvious isn’t it. WEF wanted Sunak. BoE did the dirty work to fake alarmism from MSM. I have to say though that Truss seemed too inept to understand what was happening.
Although all of this it true (the BOE and government in general setting up the rules for the LDI meltdown to happen in certain circumstances) and the moral hazard is disgraceful, it would be wrong to exonerate Truss because of it (and don’t forget that she had already pledged gajillions with an energy price cap). It was her (and Kwast’s) job to KNOW these rules and that her actions might end up triggering the meltdown. If she didn’t know, that is bad. If she DID know and proceeded anyway, that is even worse.
Her ineptitude has meant 0 debate on whether a change to lower taxes and business friendly is a better alternative to more of the same high taxes and control. We all lose because of that.
It was pretty obvious that the Bank of England (no doubt with the support of the Treasury) DELIBERATELY destabilised the Markts/currency.
They carried out a coup ….. in plain sight. And CON MPs let them do it.
Aye – Tobes is way behind on this one. Even Dan Bongino reported on it on 28th September (I don’t normally watch him, was looking for a comment on Nordstream and it was there.) 6 mins in 3 mins long.
https://rumble.com/v1lv248-who-bombed-the-pipeline-ep.-1861-the-dan-bongino-show.html