I. Isegorians and Parrhesians
Freedom of speech seems to have got into a tangle. There are two obvious extreme positions:
- Free Speech Absolutism: which seems to mean “the freedom to speak, no matter what the subject or what the opinion, as long as it is not against the law”.
- Cancel Culture: which seems to mean “the freedom to speak on certain subjects and with certain opinions, as long as these subjects and opinions satisfy the canons of political correctness”.
The word ‘absolutism’ in the phrase ‘free speech absolutism’ sounds grandiose and imperial: as if we are talking about absolute truths; but, of course, opponents of this sort of freedom of speech point out, reasonably enough, that many of the opinions expressed by free speech absolutists are simply impolite, obscene, offensive, incorrect, misleading, or conspiratorial. I think a bit of clarification of the issues involved here would not come amiss. And with that in mind I have raided those perennial contemporaries of ours, the ancient Greeks.
There were two words for ‘free speech’ in ancient Greece. One was isegoria; the other was parrhesia. The distinction between the two is, even taken by itself, quite instructive. For isegoria was political, ‘of the polis’; whereas parrhesia was not only extra-political but potentially subversive of the polis. This distinction is highly relevant to our situation.
The best discussion of the distinction can be found on p. 129 of Paul Cartledge’s book, Democracy: A Life (2016), where he writes:
The Athenians had two words both of which we might translate as ‘freedom of speech’: isegoria and parrhesia. Their semantic space overlapped, but their core meanings were significantly different. Whereas isegoria, exact equality of public political speech, had a particular application to speech made in a political assembly, and could indeed serve as a synecdoche for democratic equality and democracy as such, parrhesia had a broader scope and reference. This was just the kind of free speech that the theatrical comedy could have been invented to exploit.
Cartledge goes on to say that no one believed in absolute freedom of speech. Even the dramatists were careful to avoid abusing democracy. And of course Socrates was put on trial. But he leaves the subject there. We need to think about it a bit further.
Isegoria is literally “equal speech in the agora”: derived from agoreuein, to speak, and agora, the public space in the centre of the city. So we should call this sort of freedom of speech a PUBLIC FREEDOM OF SPEECH. It belongs to rulers and citizens in so far as they are engaging in responsible speech: so it is speech which works within the established standards and assumptions of the time. In effect, isegoria is the sort of freedom of speech which the cancel culturalists want. It is exactly what ‘politically correct’ means: it means placing a limit on what can be said. Anything else is subversive.
Now, there is obviously nothing wrong with this politically. It is a political necessity. Every political system has its own standards, its own correctness. But it is only our civilisation which after a long history of liberty and liberalism has gone so far in assuming the opposite – has come so much to believe that liberty should extend as far as parrhesia – that we have given the name ‘political correctness’ to the current censorious form of isegoria. Ironically, this isegoria is threatening the existence of the very parrhesia which spawned it in the first place.
Parrhesia is what we could call PRIVATE FREEDOM OF SPEECH. It is the freedom of speech one expects to have with friends. But it is, interestingly, a private freedom of speech brought into the public sphere. It is, as Cartledge pointed out, the freedom associated with the subversions of the theatre; and it is also the freedom associated with philosophers. It has the atmosphere or carnival or symposium about it. If isegoria is the freedom of the politicians, then parrhesia is, at its best, the freedom of the philosophers. And in this sense parrhesia is even more important than isegoria: for it is the freedom which enables us to criticise the current regime. It is just as responsible as isegoria, but more profound.
A regime which allows both isegoria and parrhesia is a regime which has two circles. The first circle is an inner circle, within the framework of established assumptions and political correctness, within which the established elites operate. This is where we find the language of published and broadcast media, and of politicians in their public speeches. But there is also an outer circle, from which we may scrutinise or subvert or support the framework of established assumptions. Here it is by standing outside the order that we can put the order to the question.
The point is that there is no point thoughtlessly using the phrase ‘free speech’ as if it means something simple. For there are two types of free speech. One is political: it is the free speech of the court party. It is conducted in the established language, and with established limits. The other is in a sense outside politics: but of course in our current politics of government-and-opposition it is also within politics, though it is always found on the margins of politics and carries echoes of a reality far away from politics: it is the free speech of the country party, the excluded, the eccentric – the sceptical.
But, alas, this does not exhaust the subject. For it is not only that we have the isegorian and the parrhesian. We also have two types of parrhesian.
II. Two types of Parrhesian
The ‘free speech absolutists’ may sometimes suppose that everything has become simple: that the battle lines are clear, now that the isegorians have become hysterical and paranoid and tyrannical. But there is a difficulty. One reason why the isegorians have lost their minds is because they are objecting to something which is objectionable. (Another reason is, of course, that they think their beliefs are wholly justified.) Both ‘free speech absolutists’ and ‘cancel culturalists’ may tend to assume that there is only the figure of the parrhesian heroically or unheroically opposing the isegorian. But this is not so. There are two types of parrhesian. Let me go step by step:
Isegorians, first of all, include everyone established, from Monarch down through Prime Minister, counsellors and advisors, ministers, civil servants, academics, and almost all journalists. They are the crew responsible for the politics we keep writing about here, the politics of COVID-19, Climate Crisis and Wokery.
They are not against freedom of speech, but like to assume the existence of limits of propriety: and, in the face of the threat from parrhesians, they became strident and punitive defenders of moral order, and proponents of ‘cancel culture’.
Parrhesians come in two types:
- Vulgar parrhesians include anyone who assumes that ‘freedom of speech’ licenses every form of utterance. This is about opinion rather than truth. Here we find all manner of unconscientious utterance reaching down to defamation and even threat: it is here we find a Bosch’s hell of twitter trolls belching out opinions far below the rainbow bridge of respectability.
- Elite parrhesians include anyone who believes that ‘freedom of speech’ is only necessary when it is the truth that is stake. Opinion is here at most a side concern. The truth which is most relevant here is the sort of truth which is excluded or ignored by the isegorians.
Almost everyone – both ‘free speech absolutists’ and ‘cancel culturalists’ – tend to assume that there is only one type of parrhesian: except they disagree about what sort of creature he is. Free speech absolutists assimilate the vulgar category into the elite category (and die defending everyone’s right to say everything), while the cancel culturalists do the reverse: they assimilate the elite category into the vulgar category (and try to get everyone beyond the pale cancelled). So where the free speech absolutists justify their freedom by appealing to the rare occasions when ‘opinion’ coincides with ‘truth’, the cancel culturalists justify their censorship and cancellation with words like ‘misinformation’, ‘disinformation’, ‘abuse’, ‘harassment’, ‘hate speech’, etc.
Shortly before his death, Michel Foucault – who, despite the dismissals of Roger Scruton and Jordan Peterson was more friend than enemy – gave some lectures on parrhesia which were later collected in a book entitled Fearless Speech (2001). Oddly, Foucault ignored isegoria completely. But he obviously saw parrhesia as something extremely important. He characterised it as the phenomenon whereby someone says everything in his mind; says it because it is the truth; says it because he has courage; and says it because he is less powerful than those to whom he says it. “The problem,” he says on p.73, “is one of recognising who is capable of speaking the truth.” In effect, though Foucault did not quite say this, the point about the parrhesian is that though he may have less power than the isegorian, he has more authority, the authority which comes from possessing the truth.
Parrhesia, I have said, is private freedom of speech: but it is private freedom of speech brought into the public sphere – where most people only usually employ a public freedom of speech, the politically correct isegoria. But parrhesia is not politically correct. It is therefore a threat. It may be an empty threat (empty of truth): but, if so, then it is vulgar parrhesia, full of fury, signifying nothing much. I would not say I am a ‘free speech absolutist’, because I don’t care very much about the parrhesia of opinion. (I do not believe in suppressing opinion. But we should probably ignore quite a lot of opinion: there is far too much opinion, too much noise, nowadays; and too much opinion gets in the way of any serious attempt to establish the truth.) But I do care about the other sort of parrhesia, which has something to do with the truth.
This raises an obvious question.
III. What is Truth?
In one of the most famous exchanges recorded in human history, Jesus, when explaining to Pilate that he was not a king, that is, not a ruler of the earth (“My kingdom is not of this earth”), said: “I was born, and for this cause came I into the world, that I should bear witness unto the truth.” To this, Pilate offered the immortal response: “What is truth?”
Usually, the fact that Pilate leaves the room is taken to be significant: the ancient equivalent of a ‘mic drop’. But what we have here is two different versions of what truth is. There is a truth of the inner circle, of the Establishment, of the earthly king, of law, compliance and mandation: this is the ‘truth’, in our time, of Climate Change, COVID-19, and Wokery). It is the sort of truth Pilate could have understood. It is the sort of truth which is now hijacked by radicals, by the young, by bureaucrats and by translogicians. But then there is a truth of the outer circle, or the great beyond, ‘not of this earth’: a truth which though ultimate cannot be acknowledged within the law or logic of the established, limited, drawn system.
The first truth, the truth of ‘this earth’, is the truth of the isegorians. It is political truth.
The second truth, the truth ‘not of this earth’, is the truth of the parrhesians. It is absolute truth.
I think that the combination of these two rival forms of truth gives us something like a paradoxical system. It resembles Gödel’s theory about mathematics. For those who cannot remember it, Gödel found that a complete mathematical system would always depend on postulates that were not part of that system: if it lacked those postulates, which we could say were ‘not of this earth’, it could never be complete. So let us define truth, or higher truth, or absolute truth, as the truth of a system which cannot be demonstrated from within that system. Isegoria is the gate-kept truth of the system: the truth which has power at its service. Parrhesia, or, at least, elite parrhesia, is the truth that the system cannot admit. The problem is that modern scientists and moralists are trying to deny that such truth exists.
George Orwell understood the dangers of modern politics when he wrote about a ‘Ministry of Truth’ in his novel 1984. For, of course, the whole point about political orders is that their truths are instrumental, not intrinsic: that is, their truths are not actually true, except in so far as they serve the purpose of the rulers and their supporters to say so. What a totalitarian regime is, in short, is a regime in which the only truth is the truth within the regime, within the system, within the inner circle. If all our institutions are now captured, if elite parrhesia is dying of EU funding and HR edicts, then it is no wonder that our culture is coming more and more to depend on the belches and head-buttings of the vulgar parrhesians, who, in their noisy, quarrelsome way, are keeping English liberty alive. (Someone should commission Bob Moran to draw a cartoon of Toby Young as Don Quixote in knight’s armour, defending the medieval trolls from the wind turbines of a faceless state.)
Be that as it may, I think it is essential to think about freedom of speech not simply, in terms of ‘freedom of speech’ versus ‘cancel culture’: but, instead, in terms of two circles. What we have is, in effect, at any point, battles between two types of truth, and, on the greatest possible scale, a war between these two types of truth, in which the grave danger facing us is that the BBC, WHO, PRC, WEF, FBI and similar entities might manage to destroy the truth of the parrhesians once and for all: eliminate the mere possibility of it: and thus leave behind only the political truths of the isegorians.
Dr. James Alexander is a professor in the Department of Political Science at Bilkent University in Turkey.
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If the Zoe data is to be believed, there is a third surge which started at the end of May. Not quite as steep as the December one, but close, and still going. Perhaps another variant? It has lasted slightly longer than the December one. Given that a lot of people had been vaccinated by June, you’d expect it to have had more impact.
So what’s the policy now?
I’ve lost track of things. What are we meant to be doing now? vaccinating everybody to kill off this virus, or locking everybody in their own homes to kill the virus, or something else? And how come the plots of cases is still shooting up? What’s the current big idea?
I’m not sure thinking about “policies” is going to get you very far, if what you mean is thought-through actions, backed by logic and evidence, designed to achieve a specific, measurable and meaningful result, monitored and modified as necessary, and related to actual public health goals. What we get is just stuff that is thrown together to sound good, tweaked according to what they think the public will put up with, and justified by whatever measures suit them at the time, preferably ones that are easily manipulated, and when none of the measures suit them they produce ridiculous models, all of which have utterly failed to come true.
The Big Idea is to stay in power and keep the Big Lie going, by any means necessary.
The ZOE website also says that the common symptoms of this latest ‘variant’ are runny noses and sneezes. Sounds remarkably like hay fever to me which i am told by friends who suffer from it is very bad this year. A useful way to prolong ‘cases’?
Like hay fever or the common cold, yes. It’s very odd – could be misreporting or that the virus has changed a lot in the way that it affects people. Shame there appears to be no real desire from the govt to learn much. I think they realise the less they know the easier it is to pretend what they are doing is for the best.
“Shame there appears to be no real desire from the govt to learn much. ”
Re that last point, consider the observations at the end of this piece:
PCR test cycles are different depending on vaccination status (from Livestream #85)
DarkHorse Podcast
Yes, I had read about that. A desire to obscure rather than reveal the truth.
Yes, I think Clare Craig suggested Covid was perhaps mutating towards being a cold. As had been predicted.
The grass is infected!!! The virus lives on the pollen. We must cut it all down immediately.
The sensible policy would be and would have been to treat people who became ill with effective and available treatments and leave everyone else alone. It’s perfectly clear that lockdowns and masks etc make no difference and a vaccine was never needed, except of course, to make a great deal of money.
Indian variant and asymptomatic or overwhelmingly mild, amongst the young? spreading natural immunity, so to be welcolmed.
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‘What, then, on those two occasions triggered the disease to become briefly so much more infectious across the country?’
‘The lack of outbreak in winter 2019-20 might be due to competition with flu, which was subsequently out-competed as it faded in spring.’
‘….the genomic data is a little hazy.’
Until the PCR test is completely discredited, any analysis of the data is fraught with difficulty, uncertainty as to the reliability of that data.
‘The MVZ Laboratory in Augsburg made wrong diagnoses in 58 of 60 tests it identified as positives over a one-week period….’ and so on and so forth…….
https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-health-coronavirus-germany-tests-idUKKBN27D1FD
How much, for example, of the covid 19 ‘outcompeting’ of flu in spring 2020 was due to the hospital clearances? How many, who died, died of complications caused by influenza but were incorrectly diagnosed with covid 19 through flawed testing?
It seems unlikely, now, that we will ever get the answers to these kind of questions in this democratic socialist and now profoundly illiberal country.
Apparently some very wealthy individuals have already fled to their idea of ‘Galt’s Gulch’
And what was the location they selected……..?
……….New Zealand……..(……..the ribs….I have to stop now…..)
https://moneyweek.com/economy/people/601023/peter-thiel-utopian-elite-flee-for-galts-gulch
Will pointed out that the data didn’t rely on the PCR test.
The data on covid ‘outcompeting’ flu is, of course, based on PCR test results
More fascinating stuff from Will, which I only have time to read very quickly and respond to right now.
I like the idea of ‘temporarily disturbed herd immunity’, whatever the mechanisms might be – seems like a goer to me.
This suggests that the difference between Covid surging or not comes down to whether each infected person passes it on to closer to 10% of their contacts or 15%.
I’m not so keen on this – if this were true, wouldn’t lockdowns and other non-pharmaceutical interventions be likely to have a significant effect? NPIs probably do reduce the number of contacts, and by this hypothesis they wouldn’t have to reduce them that much to have a dramatic effect. But the empirical evidence says they have almost no effect whatsoever, and what net effect they do have in fact makes things worse.
… the difference between Covid surging or not comes down to whether each infected person passes it on to closer to 10% of their contacts or 15%.
I suspect this is the mathematical description of an observed phenomenon, rather than something that gets to the heart of what is going on.
Perhaps then the second possibility, a change in the virus, plays a part.
‘A change in the virus’? This seems highly plausible to me, and something that hasn’t received nearly enough attention. Although what that change is anyone’s guess right now. We tend to think of the virus as this dumb, reactive organism (after all, ‘it’s just a virus’, and we like to think we are able to predict what such simple organisms will do, clever beings that we are …). But is this correct? I suspect not. I suspect that all so called ‘simple’ life forms are innately a lot smarter than we like to think.
I may have this wrong, but I recall ages ago hearing on the radio that in experiments tree roots have been shown to grow towards water sources which they have no way of knowing are there. How do they know do this? I also recall a programme of ages ago which depicted just how astonishingly clever an oak tree is over its seasonal and multi-seasonal life cycles.
So why not a virus? One over-riding theme runs through all life forms: the goal of replicating itself, improving itself as it does so, and thus ensuring the species life span. Perhaps the virus somehow ‘knows’ when to let a surge die down and let itself go endemic, such that it can return later, perhaps in other mutations giving it new opportunities, and thus prolong its life cycle.
But I’m getting so far into the realms of speculation here I’m almost into theology, which probably isn’t a good idea.
Time to make another cup of tea and deal with the children …
Ecellent thoughts. Will’s piece too. Food for thought outside of the box presented by The Science.
When making graphs, I think that we should be very careful about when to say that the lockdown started. For us, the November lockdown ended in tiers which were almost as bad as the lockdown itself for many people. My family was put into Tier 4 over Christmas and the difference between Tier 4 and the lockdown that was announced on 6 Jan was only that Tier 4 didn’t cancel school. But, it was a school holiday…
Also, when I look at the graphs on worldometers.info for the United States, it looks like they had two waves. If you drill into New York, however, you note that New York didn’t have much of a second wave to speak of. And, if you look at California, you don’t see much of a first wave. Is it possible, using regional data, that we are just seeing the disease hit different cities or regions at different times?
Sorry to reply to myself, but we’ve also been under various lockdown provisions since 23 Mar 2020. Even over the summer, we had rules of six, limited indoor gatherings, etc. And last Christmas was cancelled for most of the country. There’s a lot more nuance to it than a simple line can provide. Another thing to note is that the second national lockdown didn’t include the schools. And, so, as far as my family was concerned November was less locked down in than late December which had Tiers, but school holidays.
At the end of the day, many of those who come up with graphical expressions like that are pretending to be so-called ‘experts’. The wrong people for the job, in effect, with a gross negative effect on the society they are supposed to serve (in theory).
So the question is, why are there small, but widespread, increases in secondary infections? Like you say, amongst all the noise, this suggests a fundamental causal factor. As with many viruses driven by aerosol spread, as we now know is the case with SARS-COV-2, this is human behaviour itself. In Winter, in colder climates, people congregate together into smaller, heated spaces: a mass change of behaviour. Viral aerosol concentrations rise and, as a result, so do infections. The number and variety of contacts in this setting doesn’t change however, and so the virus rapidly runs out of new contacts to infect. The virus then retreats until there is another mass change of behaviour, with the same fundamental factors in play, and new targets for the virus, and so another surge in secondary infection rates. The first wave was a result of a novel virus, low levels of immunity, with a target population already indoors in Winter, and as they became more fearful of the virus. The lockdown didn’t have much effect as the change in behaviour had long since occurred, and personal contacts established and stable. A mass change in behaviour over the Summer caused infections to gather pace and surge again over Winter, finding previously uninfected households, with lockdown affecting the timing and pace of the surge. The rapid decline again caused by settled behaviour as the number of personal contacts are stable and established and the virus runs out of targets.
And it’s probably also true in farming, if you ask a vet (if any of them are prepared to speak, that is).
How do we know how many cases there were in the winter of 2019/20 – there was no testing? I know lots of people who think they had it then.
Just going to say the same thing! I’m pretty damn sure it was circulating in the community in December 2019 as I knew so many that were ill at that time, myself included. I’ve also heard since that it is strongly believed by certain sources that this was actually the case. My symptoms were exactly as described as the main ones: very bad cough felt deep in lungs, fever, and loss of taste and smell for a much longer period than what is usual for a virus. I was ill for a week and it took a couple of weeks to fully get back to normal. I was over the initial symptoms fairly quickly though. This could have due to the fact I have to take hydroxychloroquine and VitD everyday for an autoimmune condition. I didn’t connect this until much latter, though!
Yes I know far more people here in Suffolk who had “it” between october 2019 and february 2020 than had “official covid” later. Same for parts of the west country and elsewhere.
This strongly suggests the previous infection caused immunity.
And another one. I was a bit like that in late Dec 19, most likely acquired in the run up to Christmas. I did offer a blood sample to the usual place later on when offered the jab. No reply to that, though; they’re not interested.
I have data, albeit from a single hospital trust, that shows the number of influenza admissions in the autumn of 2019 as being all but non existent, but the admissions for pneumonia started to increase from September 2019 peaking in the winter of 2020. As soon as I am able to get to the data I’ll post the graphical data here.
Yes it seems a great idea to track symptoms changes than try and track COVID and it’s flawed direct stats..
I wonder what the so-called “second wave” would have looked like without the vaccination programme.
From above:
“The first occurred from around February 25th to March 19th 2020, ending after about three and a half weeks, as abruptly as it began. The second got going around December 2nd”
From wikipedia:
“The UK’s vaccination rollout was the world’s first mass immunisation programme when it began on 8th December 2020 after Margaret Keenan received her first dose of two. ”
About 1 million people were vaccinated in the UK during the month of December, and the people who were vaccinated first were those at most risk of infection and death from COVID and most likely to be in hospitals and care homes which, as we know, were and still are the main centres of virus transmission.
Everywhere in the world where a mass vaccination programme has started (and where the virus was already in the community) we have seen a coincident explosion of cases. Most likely because the vaccine depresses immune systems making them more susceptible to new infection (or activation of an existing low-level or dormant infection).
I also wonder about the effect of the flu vaccine rollout. It makes sense that after the flu jab (which I have never had) one’s immune system would concentrate on making antibodies for the specific flu strains, while ignoring infections that might actually be present.
I recall someone (but not who) who made he observation that most of the deaths and hospitalisations in Italy had been vaccinated against flu.
I suspect the flu vaccination this coming season will have the same effect but it will be covered up by the “booster jab” programme. Some idiot said they would inject the covid booster in one arm and the flu vax in the other to save time. . . .
Worth noting that last winter (2020/21) they widened the age range for the ‘flu jab, a bit late in the day (it makes more sense to use it in the Autumn, I think). I didn’t take one, but many might have done. That said, I wouldn’t be surprised if there is a lot of stock to be chucked out when out of it’s shelf life, if they were planning for the range increase, the way it was run.
This is an interesting discussion, but such discussions for me mainly serve to highlight the fact that we do not understand something key about the underlying mechanisms and are flailing around trying to find descriptive accounts that would produce these effects. Nothing wrong with doing that, but in what must surely be a hugely complex multi-variable system with feedback effects, it’s unsurprising that it’s tricky.
As I’ve noted previously, we still don’t understand how flu works, and we’ve been studying that one for centuries.
“I wanted to come back to the question of what causes COVID-19 occasionally to have explosive outbreaks. We’ve had two in England so far. “
Worth noting also that the data appears to show an abortive such outbreak in September/October before the disease properly got going in December.
All very true and further reason for authorities to avoid hasty, massive, damaging, novel interventions.
Absolutely.
As promised, data from Frimley Heath NHS trust
Wasn’t a similar effect observed following the “Hong Kong flu” in 1968 where the “new flu on the block” displaced the other strains for a period, before the new flu became endemic and then the old flu strains staged a comeback?
Lockdown probably contributes to these outburst. Whereas normally the population is homogeneous, in lockdown you get pockets of variants. Each area might have their own mutation strain, and when they interact with each, they get infected with the other strain and you get a burst.
As the majority of ‘cases’ are results of infection in hospitals and care homes, can I politely suggest this analysis is built on sand.
And ‘seasonality’ of virus is as a result of human behaviour patterns and short-term changes in natural local herd immunity levels.
Clearly ‘hay fever’ has now been amalgamated into ‘covid’.
It may be true to say that most actual cases are from hospitals and care homes, but if we’re talking simply about positive test results, I am not sure that’s the case. The table at the bottom of this page https://coronavirus.data.gov.uk/details/testing suggests that many more tests are being done in Pillar 2 (community) than in Pillar 1 (hospitals etc.). What I can’t find is the proportion of each pillar that is positive. Maybe others have found this data.
Ah, ‘but if we’re talking about positive test results’ – that is the crux of the matter, is it not? Just how accurate are the tests in identifying the virus. Not very, it would seem.
used to have these stats reported on websites, but no longer it appears, have to dig deep to find out. What I remember vividly is that false positives were vastly more prevalent in Pillar 2 tests because of the lousy way they were collected and analysed ie it wasn’t just statistical it was physical errors.
Excellent article and analysis.
The Winter 20-21 curve is consonant with a vaccine effect, affecting the vulnerable, on which group there had been no testing. The first spike is essentially the normal autumn rise.
The minor variant issue is unlikely.
The basic problem re. investigation is that the official policy is more interested in keeping up the narrative and sustaining NPIs and vaccination rather than looking at the evidence and the nature of the virus.
BTW – Usual problem with ‘infections’ definition etc.
“To which most people have some immunity”. Exactly so, and proved beyond doubt in the Diamond Princess.